This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MPPT algorithms developed and refined over the past decade (2015–2025), highlighting major breakthroughs in algorithmic approaches, from conventional methods such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IncCond) to. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MPPT algorithms developed and refined over the past decade (2015–2025), highlighting major breakthroughs in algorithmic approaches, from conventional methods such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IncCond) to. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is central to optimizing the performance of photovoltaic systems by ensuring the maximum extraction of solar energy, even under fluctuating environmental conditions. The article discusses the underlying rationale. Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile. Indeed, some power sources, like solar panels, present power characteristics that strongly depend on the operating conditions.
