We propose a novel integrated energy-efficient system for PV, ESS and electric heat pump (EHP) that maximises the usage of PV energy, optimises ESS usage and reduces EHP energy consumption costs. This study focuses on the involvement of photovoltaic (PV) plants in medium and long-term transactions. Its modular design allows flexible PV, battery, and load configuration. The light storage and charging integrated power station, combining PV and storage, supplies energy to charging. Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) integration into microgrids often leads to reduced inertia, diminished damping, and increased generation intermittency. An inertia. Yang P, Wang L, Zhang R, Su C and Cheng Z (2025) Integrated coordinated control and optimization of photovoltaic hybrid energy storage for primary frequency regulation. 2025 Yang, Wang, Zhang, Su and Cheng. Mathematical models, which can accurately calculate PV yield.
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